Understanding Breast Cancer

What Is Breast Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Prevention

What is breast cancer?

Breast cancer happens when abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a lump or growth. Although most common in women, breast cancer can also affect men. In the UK, one in seven women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, with older women being more at risk (Cancer Research UK, 2026).

If you have a family history of breast cancer, your risk may be higher. However, most women with a close relative who has breast cancer will never develop the condition. Speaking to a GP or clinician about your family history is important, as you may qualify for additional screenings if you're at greater risk.

Woman holding a pink breast cancer awareness ribbon to her chest

NHS breast cancer screening

In the UK, women are routinely invited for NHS breast screening (a mammogram) every three years from the age of 50 up to 71 (NHS, 2026). If you're outside this age range but concerned about your risk — for example, due to family history — speak to a GP about whether earlier or additional screening could be appropriate for you.

Screening looks for early signs of breast cancer, sometimes before a lump is even large enough to feel, which is why attending your invitation matters even if you feel completely well.

How to reduce your risk of breast cancer

While it's impossible to eliminate the risk entirely, there are lifestyle changes that can significantly lower your chances of developing breast cancer.

Maintain a healthy weight

Obesity increases breast cancer risk. A balanced diet and regular exercise can help you stay in a healthy weight range.

Limit alcohol consumption

Keep your alcohol intake within the recommended limit of 14 units per week to reduce your risk.

Quit smoking

Smoking is a known risk factor for breast cancer. Quitting can help protect your health.

Hormonal medications

If you're using hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy (HRT), speak to a GP about how these might impact your risk of breast cancer.

How to check your breasts for signs of breast cancer

Regular breast self-checks are a key part of early detection. Learning what looks and feels normal for your breasts can help you spot changes early.

What to look for:

  • Changes in the size or shape of your breasts
  • Skin changes such as dimpling, redness, or rashes
  • Changes to your nipple, such as inversion or unusual discharge

What to feel for:

  • Lumps or swelling in the breast tissue
  • Tenderness or lumps near the collarbone or underarm area

Aim to perform a self-check once a month, covering your entire breast area, including up to the collarbone and under your arms. If you notice anything unusual, it's essential to book an appointment with a GP or clinician.

It's worth remembering that most breast changes, including most lumps, are not cancer — but any new or unusual change is always worth getting checked.

Two hands holding a pair of lemons against a pink background, used to symbolise breasts

When should I see a clinician?

Early detection of breast cancer saves lives. If you notice any unusual changes to your breasts, don't delay seeking medical advice.

Speak to a doctor or ACP if you:

  • Feel a lump or swelling in your breast or armpit
  • Notice changes in the size, shape, or skin texture of your breasts
  • Experience nipple changes, such as discharge or inversion

What happens if I'm referred?

If a GP or ACP is concerned about a change, they'll usually refer you to a specialist breast clinic. This doesn't mean a cancer diagnosis is likely — most referrals turn out not to be cancer — but it allows any changes to be properly assessed, often with an examination, a mammogram or ultrasound, and sometimes a small tissue sample (biopsy). Being referred is a precautionary, routine step, and getting it done promptly is the best way to get clarity quickly.

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Frequently asked questions

Routine NHS breast screening invitations begin at age 50 and continue every three years until age 71. Women outside this range with specific risk factors should discuss screening options with a GP.

No. Most breast lumps and changes are not cancer — common causes include cysts, fibroadenomas, and hormonal changes. However, any new or unusual lump should always be checked by a clinician.

Aim to check your breasts once a month, getting to know what's normal for you so you can more easily notice any changes.

Yes, although it's much less common in men than in women. Men should also seek medical advice if they notice a lump, swelling, or nipple changes.

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