What Is Indigestion? Causes, symptoms, and when to see a GP or ACP

Indigestion, or dyspepsia, is a common digestive issue that most people experience at some point. It’s often linked to certain foods or drinks and usually isn’t a cause for concern. While indigestion can often be treated at home with simple remedies, frequent or severe symptoms may indicate an underlying condition that requires medical attention.

What are the symptoms of indigestion?

It’s rare for indigestion to cause sharp stomach pain or back pain; these symptoms are more likely related to conditions like constipation.

The key symptom of indigestion is heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest that may come with an acidic taste in the mouth. Other symptoms include:

Feeling full or bloated after eating.

Nausea.

Flatulence (excessive gas).

What causes indigestion?

Indigestion occurs when stomach acid irritates the lining of the digestive system. Several factors can trigger symptoms, including:

Eating spicy, fatty, or acidic foods.
Consuming alcohol.
Using medications like aspirin or ibuprofen.

For most people, indigestion is an occasional discomfort. However, persistent indigestion may be linked to underlying conditions such as:

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD): Stomach acid flows into the throat, causing regular heartburn.
Hiatus hernia: When part of the stomach moves into the chest.
Stomach ulcers: Open sores on the stomach lining.
Infections, such as Helicobacter pylori.

Indigestion is also a common symptom during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and pressure on the stomach.

How can I treat indigestion at home?

Most bouts of indigestion can be managed with over-the-counter remedies:

Antacids: These neutralise stomach acid and provide quick relief from burning pain.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Medications like omeprazole, available over the counter, reduce acid production and can be taken for up to four weeks.

If symptoms persist, consult your pharmacist for advice.

When Should You Speak to a GP or Advanced Clinical Practitioner (ACP)?

Although indigestion is often harmless, certain symptoms warrant a consultation with a clinician:

Persistent or very painful indigestion.
Difficulty swallowing or a sensation of a lump in the stomach.
Vomiting or the presence of blood in vomit or stools.
Unexplained weight loss.
Iron-deficiency anaemia.
Symptoms lasting longer than expected or recurring frequently.

If bacterial infections like Helicobacter pylori are identified, antibiotics may be prescribed. Clinicians might also recommend long-term PPIs or H2 receptor antagonists to manage symptoms effectively.