What Is Gastroenteritis? Symptoms, causes, and treatment
What is gastroenteritis?
Gastroenteritis, commonly referred to as an upset stomach or stomach bug, is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It often causes abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and vomiting. While it’s usually short-lived and resolves on its own, certain cases may require medical attention, particularly in babies, young children, or people experiencing severe symptoms.
What are the symptoms of gastroenteritis?
The main symptoms of gastroenteritis include:
- Diarrhoea
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain, cramping, and bloating
Other symptoms can include:
- Loss of appetite
- Fever
- Muscle aches
- Headaches
The duration of symptoms depends on the cause. For some, symptoms last just 1-2 days, while others may experience them for a week or more.
What causes gastroenteritis?
Gastroenteritis is typically caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections.
- Viral causes: Rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus are common culprits. Norovirus, also known as the “winter vomiting bug,” is highly contagious and often causes outbreaks.
- Bacterial causes: Food poisoning from undercooked or improperly stored food can lead to bacterial infections like Salmonella, Campylobacter, or E. coli.
- Parasitic Causes: Parasitic infections, though less common, may occur after travel abroad or contact with animals. Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba, and Giardia are known examples.
Occasionally, gastroenteritis may be triggered by toxins or certain medications.
How to treat gastroenteritis at home?
In most cases, gastroenteritis can be managed at home with rest and proper care:
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to replace lost fluids. Oral rehydration solutions can help restore electrolytes.
- Rest and Avoid Public Contact: Stay home for at least 48 hours after symptoms subside to prevent spreading the illness.
- Eat Light: Stick to small, bland meals that are easy to digest. Avoid acidic, fatty, or spicy foods.
- Over-the-Counter Medicines: Loperamide (e.g., Imodium) can temporarily relieve diarrhoea if necessary, but it doesn’t address the underlying cause.
Antibiotics are rarely needed, as most cases are viral. For severe vomiting, a doctor or ACP may prescribe antiemetic medication.
When Should You Speak to a Doctor or ACP?
While most cases of gastroenteritis resolve on their own, you should consult a GP or ACP if:
- You experience severe vomiting and cannot keep fluids down.
- Your vomit is green, yellow, or contains blood.
- You have diarrhoea lasting more than 7 days or vomiting lasting more than 2 days.
- You notice blood in your stool or rectal bleeding.
- You’re dehydrated despite drinking fluids and using rehydration solutions.
Seek Emergency Medical Attention (999 or A&E) if you
- Vomit blood or notice "coffee ground" vomit.
- Experience a sudden, severe headache or stomach pain.
- Cannot tolerate bright lights due to eye pain.
- Develop a stiff neck or suspect poisoning.
Babies and Young Children: Seek advice if you notice dehydration, fever, or other concerning symptoms. It’s better to err on the side of caution with young children and call your GP if unsure.
How to Avoid Gastroenteritis
Preventing gastroenteritis relies on good hygiene and food safety practices:
