Cough: symptoms, causes, and when to seek help

A cough is a common symptom that can have many causes. In most cases, it’s not serious and should clear up on its own within three weeks. However, there are times when a cough might signal an underlying health issue that requires medical attention.

Read on to learn more about what causes a cough, how to treat it, and when to consult a healthcare professional.

Female presenting person smiling whilst holding mug

What is a cough?

A cough is a natural reflex that helps to clear your airways. It can be:

Dry and tickly – often caused by irritation in the throat.
Wet and chesty – producing phlegm as your body clears mucus from the lungs.

Coughing can occur when irritants such as dust, smoke, or mucus enter your airways. It can also be triggered by infections, allergies, or long-term conditions like asthma. For smokers, a persistent smoker’s cough is caused by a build-up of chemicals in the lungs.

Colds and flu – common viral infections affecting the respiratory system.

Hay fever or asthma – triggered by allergens or environmental factors.

Laryngitis – inflammation of the vocal cords, leading to a hoarse voice.

Sinusitis – pain and pressure in the sinuses that may trigger coughing.

Whooping cough – a bacterial infection causing a distinctive “whoop” sound.

Bronchitis – inflammation of the airways, either short-term or chronic.

Pneumonia – an infection of lung tissue, often bacterial in origin.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – a long-term lung condition causing breathing difficulties.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) – where stomach acid leaks into the oesophagus, causing irritation.

When should you speak to a Healthcare Professional about a cough?

Most coughs don’t require a visit to the doctor. However, there are instances where a persistent or severe cough could point to more serious conditions, such as tuberculosis , heart failure, blood clots, or even lung cancer.

You should consult a GP or advanced clinical practitioner if:

Your cough lasts longer than three weeks.
Your cough is severe or worsening.
You experience chest pain or difficulty breathing.
You’ve lost weight unexpectedly.
You have swelling or pain on the sides of your neck.
You’re coughing up blood (this requires urgent medical attention).
You have a weakened immune system.

If you need advice quickly, you can book an online consultation with a GP or ACP for guidance and support.

How is a cough treated?

Most coughs can be managed at home with rest and simple remedies. While you’re recovering, try these tips:

Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids.

Soothe your throat with hot water, lemon, and honey.

Use over-the-counter remedies like throat lozenges or cough syrups for relief (note: these won’t cure the cough but can reduce discomfort).

Asthma: Adjusting your asthma medication or treatment plan.

Allergies: Taking antihistamines or avoiding known triggers.

Bacterial infections: A prescription for antibiotics may be necessary.

GORD: Antacids or other stomach medications to reduce acid reflux.

COPD: Inhalers, steroids, or other treatments to open your airways.

Cough: symptoms, causes, and when to seek help

What is a cough?

What conditions can cause a cough?

When should you speak to a Healthcare Professional about a cough?

How is a cough treated?

Severe symptoms

Treatments for Persistent Coughs