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Common Cold: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

A common cold is one of the most frequent illnesses we experience, affecting people of all ages. While colds can vary in severity, they’re typically mild and rarely pose any serious health risks. In most cases, colds clear up within a couple of weeks and can be treated at home with simple remedies and over-the-counter medications.

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What are the symptoms of a cold?

Symptoms are usually mild, allowing you to continue with your daily activities, including going to work.

In some cases, more severe symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches may develop. However, these are more commonly associated with the flu rather than a cold.

The symptoms of a cold tend to develop gradually and may include:

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Blocked or runny nose

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Sore throat

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Sneezing

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Coughing

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Cold vs Flu: What's the difference?

Although cold and flu symptoms are similar, the flu is generally more serious and can lead to more severe symptoms.

Here’s a comparison of the two:

Symptom Common cold Flu
Onset Gradual Sudden and intense
Main symptoms Sneezing, sore throat, coughing, runny nose Fever, body aches, extreme fatigue
Severity Mild – you can continue normal activities Severe – can leave you bedridden

If you think you might have the flu, especially if you’re at risk due to pregnancy, age, or a weakened immune system, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional.

How do you catch a cold?

Colds are caused by viral infections and spread through droplets released into the air when someone with the virus coughs or sneezes. If these droplets come into contact with your eyes, nose, or mouth, you can catch the virus.

While winter weather doesn’t directly cause colds, it does increase the likelihood of catching one. This is due to people spending more time indoors, where close contact makes it easier for viruses to spread.

To reduce your chances of catching a cold, follow these simple precautions:

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Wash your hands regularly with soap and warm water

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Avoid sharing cups or towels with someone who has a cold

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Stay clear of people showing cold symptoms

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When should I see a Doctor about a cold?

Most of the time, you don’t need to see a healthcare professional for a cold. Colds are usually mild and resolve on their own within a week or two. There's also no prescription treatment for colds, as antibiotics don’t work for viral infections.

However, you should make an appointment with a doctor or advanced clinical practitioner if:

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Your symptoms persist for more than three weeks

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Your symptoms worsen significantly
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You have a high fever or feel shivery
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You experience difficulty breathing
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You develop chest pain
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You have a weakened immune system or long-term health conditions

You can also visit your pharmacist for advice or book an online consultation with us if you're unsure.

How can I treat cold symptoms?

The best way to recover from a cold is to rest, stay warm, and drink plenty of fluids. Over-the-counter medications like painkillers (e.g., paracetamol or ibuprofen) and decongestants can help alleviate symptoms. Other remedies like gargling with salt water or using vapor rubs to clear a blocked nose can provide additional relief.

Key tips for cold care:

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Get plenty of rest

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Keep hydrated by drinking water, herbal teas, or clear soups

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Use pain relief medication (following the correct dosage)

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Avoid over-the-counter combination products that contain multiple painkillers to prevent accidental overdose

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